The polite listener In England stares at the speaker attentively and blinks his eyes occasionally as a sign of interest. That eye-blink says nothing to Americans, who expect the listener to nod or to murmur something such as "mm - hmm”. And in some parts of  Far East, it is impolite to look at the other person at all during conversation.It is often argued that, in teaching foreign languages, culture and language are interwoven in a way that it is not possible to present language without its culture. However, until a new method of teaching language, called communicative approach, which is sociolinguistically oriented, had not come into existence, this belief was not used to be observed in textbooks and language classes. This method intends to create situations in the classroom in which foreign language can be used as naturally and authentically as the native speakers of target language use it for communicative purposes.The problem of teaching culture, nevertheless, does not end here. Nowadays, foreign languages are taught with different and varied objectives. Is it necessary for all foreign language learners to get familiar with the culture of foreign language they are supposed to learn? As Schumann (1984) claims, is it true that second language learning is impossible, unless one gives up his/her own native culture and adopts the culture of foreign language community? What are some relevant issues regarding teaching English in Iran? These are actually some basic questions raised in this article. Whereas definite answers are not necessarily provided in this paper, some areas of research related to culture, and teaching foreign language are put forward.

This study explored the patterns of evaluative language in applied linguistics blurbs to see how attitude is reflected in these advertising texts. Following a qualitative approach, the study was informed by pragmatic and discourse-semantic perspectives in exploring the overall structuring of blurbs. Findings indicated that blurbs are frequently charged with appreciation as a category of attitude in the appraisal framework. Graduation as another element in the appraisal framework was also found to be employed both as intensification and quantification. With respect to the communicative settings of blurbs, it was found that blurbs are mainly constructed monologically. Meanwhile, results also showed that blurbs are logogenetically constructed due to the interpersonally prosodic flow of attitudinal resources across the whole components of blurbs. The study concluded that blurbs are logogenetically constructed by means of the monologic pressure of attitudinal resources for increasing the impact of persuasion as the primary tool of advertising discourse in blurbs.

This study examined academic articles and journalistic reports in 5 disciplinary areas to explore how similar contents might attitudinally be realized in two different genres. To this end, 25 research articles and 210 news reports were carefully selected and underwent detailed discourse semantic and grammatical analyses with the purpose of identifying the evaluative linguistic patterns. The findings showed that academic texts are attitudinally charged with appreciation rather than other categories of attitude. This suggests that markers of appreciation are responsible for detachment, impersonality, and objectivity. On the contrary, notwithstanding the frequent use of appreciation in journalistic texts, other categories of attitude (affect and judgment) are also effectively used. This suggests that affective and judgment markers account for the subjectivity of journalistic texts. One of the findings emerging from this study is that frequent instances of appreciation in the different parts of an RA might be attributed to the development of language use within an individual which does not lead to lowering the level of objectivity in academic texts but enhancing interpersonal communication.

In this research، the goal is using principles of functional linguistics to investigate evaluative language in Persian and English according to Halliday’ s functional theory. Comparison is one of the factors which is causing cohesion in sentences of texts. In this article art reviews are studied to identify grammatical and lexical pattern used in comparative reference and usage of evaluative language in all kind of linguistic structure in Persian and English. Also evaluative language in two languages is compared. The discursive function of evaluative language help readers recognize concept of evaluation in text and form a frame work of comparison evaluation in their mind. The research is analytical – descriptive. The related data were collected from literary and art magazines and theoretical framework of this article is according to Halliday’ s functional theory. In this research we conclude that both languages in use of structural pattern comparative/ superlative attribute، similarity، degree adverb clause، correct clause and Lexical and adjectival accumulation for evaluation are the same.

Explaining the meaning of “Clear Arabic Language” (Arabic: لسان عربیّ مبین) in the Holy Quran according to the opinions of the commentators (the scholars who interpret the Holy Book of Quran) and the semantic functions of the words is the main issue of this research. Differences of opinion of commentators (Arabic: مفسّر; plural: Arabic: مفسّرون, Romanized: mufassirūn) and citing their views for different reasons necessitated this research. The present article has been studied and evaluated the opinions of the commentators in interpreting the verse and considers their views about “Clear Arabic Language” (Arabic: لسان عربیّ مبین) in four parts. These include: Taḥaddī (Arabic: تحدّی, The Quranic Challenge), the language of the audience and the place of revelation, the honor and capacities of the Arabic language, the eloquence and explicitness of the specific language of the Qur'an. The results of the research show that the “Clear Arabic Language” beyond the opinions of the commentators is a common understanding that has revealed the superhuman language of revelation through human conversational style and considered the universal characteristics, transhumanism, transhistorical of the Holy Book of Quran while considering the conditions and understanding of the audience. Paying attention to the Quranic meaning of related words and narrations as well as Saussure’s linguistic point of view can confirm the recent meaning.

Easy access to social media enables users to express their opinions and ideology about various topics like news, videos, and personalities freely, without any fear, and often in an offensive manner. It is a vital task to detect comments with offensive language on social media platforms and relies on a complete and comprehensive tagged dataset. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce and make publicly available PerBOLD, a new Persian comment dataset collected from Instagram as a popular platform among Iranian. We follow a two-level manual annotation process in order to determine whether a comment has offensive language or not and fine-grained tags of different types of offensive language. Furthermore, we present some interesting aspects of data and analysis them.